As Pakistan braces for traditional power-play in its neighbourhood along with the emergence of advanced and unregulated technologies, there are legitimate concerns about the existing organisational structure of the Foreign…

Whenever we talk about memes we are talking about social media. It is vice-versa also, since, the social networking sites (SNSs) have been weaponised. If not fully weaponised, they are…

Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) refers to the distinct tradecraft through which bits of information scattered across public sources such as the World Wide Web, social media networks, and publications etc….

On 3 January, the United States assassinated senior Iranian military official Qasem Soleimani, in Iraq. For about two decades, he headed the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps’s Quds Force, which oversees…

In the conventional understanding of national sovereignty, a country protects its legitimate and internationally-accepted territories on land, air and sea. These three are ‘tangible’ domains where the state can deploy…

Electronic warfare (EW) is gearing up in South Asia and the analysts are opining about the greater role of India in it, coupling it with cyber warfare (CW). The threat,…

The concept of ‘cyberspace’ is understood differently in Pakistan at public and private levels. Some view it purely as an operational domain, in the strictest military sense of the term,…

By next year, China aims to have the capability to track the social behaviour of its 1.4 billion population under a complex infrastructure of social credit systems (SCS) through modern…

Pakistan’s National Cadet Corps (NCC) has remained a branch of the Pakistan Army as a program run under the Pakistan National Guard and acting as a reserve force from 1948….

Since 2005, more than 320 state-sponsored cyber operations have been conducted. The ever-increasing rate of cyber operations has raised the prospects of cyber conflicts. With more than 30 states having…